xd

WARNING: Mangxaydung.com.vn khong chu truong dang tai bat cu noi dung khieu dam, bao luc hay noi dung nao khac thuoc the loai chi danh cho nguoi lon. Mangxaydung.com.vn cung khong chiu trach nhiem ve cac noi dung dang tai tu website cua cac ben thu 3 duoc hien thi thong qua cac frame (cua so) lien ket. Tat ca cac clip, URL duoc thu thap tu va luu tru boi Google, Youtube, Dailymotion ... Mangxaydung.com.vn khong so huu va khong chiu trach nhiem tai bat cu quoc gia nao ve cac noi dung lien quan den ban quyen - All clips are collected from and hosted by Google, Youtube, DailyMotion... Mangxaydung.com.vn is not liable for copyright by any country.

Neu quy doc gia co bat cu thac mac nao, xin vui long lien he cho Ban Bien Tap qua E-mail tai day.

Tran Trong Cam On.

-------------------

Architecture

The term architecture (from Greek αρχιτεκτονική, architektonike) can refer to a process, a profession or documentation.

As a process, architecture is the activity of designing and constructing buildings and other physical structures by a person or a machine, primarily to provide shelter. A wider definition often includes the design of the total built environment, from the macro level of how a building integrates with its surrounding landscape (see town planning, urban design, and landscape architecture) to the micro level of architectural or construction details and, sometimes, furniture. Wider still, architecture is the activity of designing any kind of system.

As a profession, architecture is the role of those persons or machines providing architectural services.

As documentation, usually based on drawings, architecture defines the structure and/or behavior of a building or any other kind of system that is to be or has been constructed.

Architects have as their primary object providing for the spatial and shelter needs of people in groups of some kind (families, schools, churches, businesses, etc.) by the creative organisation of materials and components in a land- or city-scape, dealing with mass, space, form, volume, texture, structure, light, shadow, materials, program, and pragmatic elements such as cost, construction limitations and technology, to achieve an end which is functional, economical, practical and often with artistic and aesthetic aspects. This distinguishes architecture from engineering design, which has as its primary object the creative manipulation of materials and forms using mathematical and scientific principles.

Separate from the design process, architecture is also experienced^[1] through the senses, which therefore gives rise to aural,^[2] visual, olfactory,^[3] and tactile^[4] architecture. As people move through a space, architecture is experienced as a time sequence.^[5] Even though our culture considers architecture to be a visual experience, the other senses play a role in how we experience both natural and built environments. Attitudes towards the senses depend on culture.^[6] The design process and the sensory experience of a space are distinctly separate views, each with its own language and assumptions.

Architectural works are perceived as cultural and political symbols and works of art. Historical civilizations are often known primarily through their architectural achievements. Such buildings as the pyramids of Egypt and the Roman Colosseum are cultural symbols, and are an important link in public consciousness, even when scholars have discovered much about a past civilization through other means. Cities, regions and cultures continue to identify themselves with (and are known by) their architectural monuments.^[7]

//

Etymology and application of the term

The word "architecture" comes from the Latin architectura and that from Greek αρχιτέκτων (architectu), "master builder", from the combination of αρχι- (archi-), "chief" or "leader" and τέκτων (tekton), a "builder" or "carpenter".^[8][9] While the primary application of the word "architecture" pertains to the built environment, by extension, the term has come to denote the art and discipline of creating an actual (or inferring an implied or apparent) plan of any complex object or system. The term can be used to connote the implied architecture of mathematics or of abstract things such as music, the apparent architecture of natural things, such as geological formations or the structure of biological cells, or explicitly planned architectures of human-made things such as software, computers, enterprises, and databases, in addition to buildings. In every usage, an architecture may be seen as a subjective mapping from a human perspective (that of the user in the case of abstract or physical artifacts) to the elements or components of some kind of structure or system, which preserves the relationships among the elements or components.

Theory of Architecture

Historic treatises

The earliest written work on the subject of architecture is De architectura, by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the early 1st century CE.^[10] According to Vitruvius, a good building should satisfy the three principles of firmitatis utilitatis venustatis,^[11][12] which translates roughly as -

• Durability - it should stand up robustly and remain in good condition.
• Utility - it should be useful and function well for the people using it.
• Beauty - it should delight people and raise their spirits.

According to Vitruvius, the architect should strive to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible.

Leone Battista Alberti, who elaborates on the ideas of Vitruvius in his treatise, De Re Aedificatoria, saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion, although ornament also played a part. For Alberti, the rules of proportion were those that governed the idealised human figure, the Golden Mean. The most important aspect of beauty was therefore an inherent part of an object, rather than something applied superficially; and was based on universal, recognisable truths. The notion of style in the arts was not developed until the 16th century, with the writing of Vasari.^[14] The treatises, by the 18th century, had been translated into Italian, French, Spanish and English.

In the early nineteenth century, Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin wrote Contrasts (1836) that, as the titled suggested, contrasted the modern, industrial world, which he disparaged, with an idealized image of neo-medieval world. Gothic architecture, Pugin believed, was the only “true Christian form of architecture.”

The 19th century English art critic, John Ruskin, in his Seven Lamps of Architecture, published 1849,^[15] was much narrower in his view of what constituted architecture. Architecture was the "art which so disposes and adorns the edifices raised by men ... that the sight of them" contributes "to his mental health, power, and pleasure". For Ruskin, the aesthetic was of overriding significance. His work goes on to state that a building is not truly a work of architecture unless it is in some way "adorned". For Ruskin, a well-constructed, well-proportioned, functional building needed string courses or rustication, at the very least.

On the difference between the ideals of "architecture" and mere "construction", the renowned 20th C. architect Le Corbusier wrote: "You employ stone, wood, and concrete, and with these materials you build houses and palaces: that is construction. Ingenuity is at work. But suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good. I am happy and I say: This is beautiful. That is Architecture".^[16]

Modern concepts of architecture

The great 19th century architect of skyscrapers, Louis Sullivan, promoted an overriding precept to architectural design: "Form follows function".

While the notion that structural and aesthetic considerations should be entirely subject to functionality was met with both popularity and skepticism, it had the effect of introducing the concept of "function" in place of Vitruvius "utility". "Function" came to be seen as encompassing all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building, not only practical but also aesthetic, psychological and cultural.

Nunzia Rondanini stated, "Through its aesthetic dimension architecture goes beyond the functional aspects that it has in common with other human sciences. Through its own particular way of expressing values, architecture can stimulate and influence social life without presuming that, in and of itself, it will promote social development. To restrict the meaning of (architectural) formalism to art for art's sake is not only reactionary; it can also be a purposeless quest for perfection or originality which degrades form into a mere instrumentality".^[17]

Among the philosophies that have influenced modern architects and their approach to building design are rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology.

In the late 20th century a new concept was added to those included in the compass of both structure and function, the consideration of sustainability. To satisfy the modern ethos a building should be constructed in a manner which is environmentally friendly in terms of the production of its materials, its impact upon the natural and built environment of its surrounding area and the demands that it makes upon non-sustainable power sources for heating, cooling, water and waste management and lighting.

History

Main article: History of architecture

Origins and the ancient world

Architecture first evolved out of the dynamics between needs (shelter, security, worship, etc.) and means (available building materials and attendant skills). As human cultures developed and knowledge began to be formalized through oral traditions and practices, architecture became a craft. Here there is first a process of trial and error, and later improvisation or replication of a successful trial. What is termed Vernacular architecture continues to be produced in many parts of the world. Indeed, vernacular buildings make up most of the built world that people experience every day.

Early human settlements were mostly rural. Due to a surplus in production the economy began to expand resulting in urbanization thus creating urban areas which grew and evolved very rapidly in some cases, such as that of Çatal Huyuk in Anatolia and Mohenjo Daro in Pakistan. In many ancient civilizations, like the Egyptians' and Mesopotamians', architecture and urbanism reflected the constant engagement with the divine and the supernatural, while in other ancient cultures such as Persia architecture and urban planning was used to exemplify the power of the state.

The architecture and urbanism of the Classical civilizations such as the Greek and the Roman evolved from civic ideals rather than religious or empirical ones and new building types emerged. Architectural styles developed.

Texts on architecture began to be written in the Classical period. These became canons to be followed in important works, especially religious architecture. Some examples of canons are found in the writings of Vitruvius, the Kao Gong Ji of ancient China^[18] and Vaastu Shastra of ancient India.

The architecture of different parts of Asia developed along different lines to that of Europe, Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh architecture each having different characteristics. Buddhist architecture, in particular, showed great regional diversity. In many Asian countries a pantheistic religion led to architectural forms that were designed specifically to enhance the natural landscape.

The Medieval builder

Islamic architecture began in the 7th century CE, developing from the architectural forms of the ancient Middle East but developing features to suit the religious and social needs of the society. Examples can be found throughout the Middle East, North Africa and Spain, and were to become a significant stylistic influence on European architecture during the Medieval period.

In Europe, in both the Classical and Medieval periods, buildings were not attributed to specific individuals and the names of the architects frequently unknown, despite the vast scale of the many religious buildings extant from this period. During the Medieval period guilds were formed by craftsmen to organise their trade and written contracts have survived, particularly in relation to ecclesiastical buildings. The role of architect was usually one with master builder, except in the case where a cleric, such as the Abbot Suger at Saint Denis, Paris, provided the design. Over time the complexity of buildings and their types increased. General civil construction such as roads and bridges began to be built. Many new building types such as schools, hospitals, and recreational facilities emerged.

Renaissance and the architect

With the Renaissance and its emphasis on the individual and humanity rather than religion, and with all its attendant progress and achievements, a new chapter began. Buildings were ascribed to specific architects - Brunelleschi, Alberti, Michelangelo, Palladio - and the cult of the individual had begun. But there was no dividing line between artist, architect and engineer, or any of the related vocations. At this stage, it was still possible for an artist to design a bridge as the level of structural calculations involved was within the scope of the generalist.

With the emerging knowledge in scientific fields and the rise of new materials and technology, architecture and engineering began to separate, and the architect began to lose ground on some technical aspects of building design. He therefore concentrated on aesthetics and the humanist aspects.

There was also the rise of the "gentleman architect" who usually dealt with wealthy clients and concentrated predominantly on visual qualities derived usually from historical prototypes, typified by the many country houses of Great Britain that were created in the Neo Gothic or Scottish Baronial styles.

Formal architectural training, in the 19th century, at, for example Ecole des Beaux Arts in France, gave much emphasis to the production of beautiful drawings and little to context and feasibility. Effective architects generally received their training in the offices of other architects, graduating to the role from draughtsmen or clerks.

Meanwhile, the Industrial Revolution laid open the door for mass production and consumption. Aesthetics became a criterion for the middle class as ornamented products, once within the province of expensive craftsmanship, became cheaper under machine production. Vernacular architecture became increasingly ornamental. House builders could access current architectural design in their work by combining features found in pattern books and architectural journals.

Modernism and reaction of architecture

The dissatisfaction with such a general situation at the turn of the twentieth century gave rise to many new lines of thought that served as precursors to Modern Architecture. Notable among these is the Deutscher Werkbund, formed in 1907 to produce better quality machine made objects. The rise of the profession of industrial design is usually placed here.

Following this lead, the Bauhaus school, founded in Germany in 1919, consciously rejected history and looked at architecture as a synthesis of art, craft, and technology.

When Modern architecture was first practiced, it was an avant-garde movement with moral, philosophical, and aesthetic underpinnings. Immediately after World War I, pioneering modernist architects sought to develop a completely new style appropriate for a new post-war social and economic order, focused on meeting the needs of the middle and working classes. They rejected the architectural practice of the academic refinement of historical styles which served the rapidly declining aristocratic order.

The approach of the Modernist architects was to reduce buildings to pure forms, removing historical references and ornament in favor of functionalist details. Buildings that displayed their construction and structure, exposing steel beams and concrete surfaces instead of hiding them behind traditional forms, were seen as beautiful in their own right. Architects such as Mies van der Rohe worked to create beauty based on the inherent qualities of building materials and modern construction techniques, trading traditional historic forms for simplified geometric forms, celebrating the new means and methods made possible by the Industrial Revolution.

Many architects resisted Modernism, finding it devoid of the decorative richness of ornamented styles. As the founders of the International Style lost influence in the late 1970s, Postmodernism developed as a reaction against the austerity of Modernism. Robert Venturi's contention that a "decorated shed" (an ordinary building which is functionally designed inside and embellished on the outside) was better than a "duck" (a building in which the whole form and its function are tied together) gives an idea of this approach.

[edit] Architecture today

Main article: Contemporary architecture

Part of the architectural profession, and also some non-architects, responded to Modernism and Postmodernism by going to what they considered the root of the problem. They felt that architecture was not a personal philosophical or aesthetic pursuit by individualists; rather it had to consider everyday needs of people and use technology to give a livable environment. The Design Methodology Movement involving people such as Christopher Alexander started searching for more people-oriented designs. Extensive studies on areas such as behavioral, environmental, and social sciences were done and started informing the design process.

As the complexity of buildings began to increase (in terms of structural systems, services, energy and technologies), architecture started becoming more multi-disciplinary. Architecture today usually requires a team of specialist professionals, with the architect being one of many, although usually the team leader.

During the last two decades of the twentieth century and into the new millennium, the field of architecture saw the rise of specializations by project type, technological expertise or project delivery methods. In addition, there has been an increased separation of the 'design' architect ^[a] from the 'project' architect.^[b]

Moving the issues of environmental sustainability into the mainstream is a significant development in the architecture profession. Sustainability in architecture was pioneered in the 1970s by architects such as Ian McHarg in the US and Brenda and Robert Vale in the UK and New Zealand. There has been an acceleration in the number of buildings which seek to meet green building sustainable design principles.

It is now expected that architects will integrate sustainable principles into their projects.^[19]

The American Institute of Architects acknowledges that half of today's global warming greenhouse gas emissions come from buildings - more than transportation or industry.^[20] AIA states that immediate action by the building sector is essential to avoid hazardous man-made climate change. They have an "Architecture 2030" plan^[21] to reduce new building energy consumption by 90% in 2030, and net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2035. Passive solar building design has been demonstrating essential elements of 70% to 90% energy consumption reduction in roughly 300,000 buildings since the 1978 U.S. Solar Energy Tax Incentives. Many of these energy efficiency features can be added at little-or-no additional net cost during construction. Newer zero energy buildings have reduced net annual energy consumption, producing excess energy and selling it back to the power company during moderate months. The demand for zero energy buildings is growing rapidly - subsidies are available for this type of building^[22] - The supply of zero energy buildings has fallen far short of current demand. Off-the-grid buildings are now demonstrating total self sufficiency. The 2009 Bank of America Tower (New York) has many innovative energy features.

President George W. Bush’s 2006 Solar America Initiative expects architects and builders to design and construct new zero energy buildings by 2015.^[23] The U.S. Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007^[24] funded the new Solar Air Conditioning Research and Development Program, to develop technology innovations and mass production economies of scale. The U.S. Department of Energy and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) also sponsor The Solar Decathlon,^[25] an international competition among universities for solar energy alternatives when it comes to houses. The houses built by the team are exhibited on the National Mall for the public to experience.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

 

1 xay dung mangxaydung xay dung mang xay dung mau nha dep xaydung mangxaydung.com.vn xay dung viet nam nganh xay dung nganh xay dung nha dep mang xay dung nhadep mau nha dep xuong phim nha dep bao xay dung "xay dung" kien truc xay dung mangxaydung.com cong ty xay dung thong tin xay dung nha vui nghe nhac online thu vien cad tin tuc nganh xay dung mang xay dung viet nam xay dung viet nam xem phim hai bo xay dung tuyen ky su xay dung tuyen ky su xay dung vat lieu xay dung "nganh xay dung" phim hai www.mangxaydung.com.vn xuong phim .com boxaydung nhadep.com.vn mau nha nha dep vietnam "xay dung" nhac online thong tin xay dung thu vien cad nha dep viet nam xuongphim mau nha thong tin thi truong xay dung thu vien xay dung tin xay dung xaydung.com.vn nha dep.net nhavui viec lam xay dung xuong phim nghanh xay dung cau tao kien truc maunhadep xaydungvietnam xuong phim.com.vn xuongphim vn nhadep vietnam nghenhaconline xay dung.com.vn "tuyen ky su xay dung" mang xay dung viet nam mau nha dep vietnam maybaychiendau nghanh xay dung cong ty tu van xay dung dan dung viet nam thong tin dau tu xay dung vat lieu xay dung xay dung.com boxaydung.com.vn nha vui nganh xay dung viet nam xay dung vietnam xem phim "mangxaydung" xuongphim.com.vn "mang xay dung" mau nha dep viet nam "nganh xay dung" dai truyen hinh vn vtv gia xay dung.vn mau nha xay dung o viet nam nha dep.com xay dung.vn truyen hinh cap xay bong hong xanh mang xay dung.com.vn mau nhadep thong tin nganh xay dung tin xay dung xay dung nha dep xay dung vn xuong phimhai cong ty tu van xay dung dan dung viet nam nganh xay dung viet nam phim hai tivionline "tong cong ty tu van xay dung viet nam" bo xay dung.com.vn khe co gian phim www.mangxaydung.com xuong phim.net "mau nha dep" nhung mau nha dep phim bong hong xanh tu van xay dung.com.vn du an xay dung nha dep.com.vn thu vien 3dmax www.xaydung.vn bo xay dung viet nam cac mau nha dep xay dung kien truc xay nha dep "mang xay dung" "thong tin nganh xay dung" nghe nhac thu vien acad tin tuc xay dung xuong phim .com.vn mau biet thu dep mau nha dep.net xay dung dan dung cac mau nha dep mau biet thu thong tin nganh xay dung tin tuc xay dung truyenhinhvietnam xem phim bong hong xanh xuong phim.com.vn "nha dep" golden square - da nang mong be nhadep in vietnam sieu thi dia oc thong tin viec lam nganh xay dung xay dung nha xem phim manh hai vn xuongphim.vn "xay dung mang xay dung.com mang xaydung mau nha biet thu so xay dung thong tin ve xay dung thuvien cad xaydung.com " xay dung" dai truyen hinh viet nam gia vat lieu xay dung gia xay dung.com.vn kien truc - xay dung luat xay dung viet nam mang xay dung nhung mau nha dep thong tin ve nganh xay dung xay dung villa xemphim xuong phim.com xuong phim.vn "xay dung viet nam" bo xay dung viet nam gia xay dung gia xay dung.com hopdongkinhte khe co gian mau nha xay dung nghenhaconline.com.vn nha vui index nha xay dung.com.vn nha mau qui che ban quan ly du an quy hoach xay dung sieu thi vat lieu xay dung tin nganh xay dung truyen hinh cap vn xay dung online xay d­ung xem truyen hinh net vtv1 444 bong hong xanh net boxaydung.vn cac cong ty xay dung cau tao cong truong kien truc viet nam kien truc xay dung.com.vn lamdep.vn luat xay dung viet nam mau nha dep 2009 may xay dung nha dep vn nha vui vn quy chuan xay dung viet nam thong tin du an xay dung thong tin nghanh xay dung trang xay dung vn www.xaydung.com.vn xay dung .com xuong phim .net "khe co gian" 'mang xay dung' cty xay dung cung xay to am.com.vn e xay dung index http://www.mangxaydung.com.vn mang xay dung .com mang xay dung .com.vn maunha nghenhac online nha mau dep nhac noi that nha dep tcxd 45-78 tin tuc ve nganh xay dung www.boxaydung.com.vn xem hinh xay dung xem phim hai "mang xay dung viet nam" "tuyen ky su xay dung" bonghongxanh.net can tuyen ky su xay dung dien dan xay dung gia ca vat lieu xay dung luat xay dung mang xay dung vn mang xay dung vn site:www.mangxaydung.com.vn mau nha dep.com.vn nghe nhac nha dep cap 4 nha dep tai viet nam nhaconline nhavui. phim hai com vn quyhoach thiet ke xay dung thu vien acad tai lieu nganh xay dung vat lieu xay dung.com xay dung .com.vn xaydung.vn xem tivi online xay dung xay nha " nganh xay dung" "bao cao tai chinh nganh xay dung" "cau tao kien truc" "danh sach cac cong ty xay dung" "mang xay dung "vat lieu"+"noi that"+"du an"+"quy hoach" "xay dung viet nam" "dac diem nganh xay dung" 30 bao xay dung.com.vn bao xay dung.vn baocaothuctap boxaydung.com bao cao nganh xay dung camnangxaydung gia thep xay dung thang 8/2007 kien truc su xay dung kien truc xay dung.com kien truc- xay dung mang xay dung mangxaydung vn mau nha cap 4 dep mau nha dep viet nam nganh xay dung dan dung phim hai vn tai lieu nganh xay dung tan gai thu vien sach xay dung thong tin nganh tuyen ks xay dung viec lam nganh xay dung www xuong fhim. com www.baomuaban.com.vn www.boxaydung www.daitruyenhinhvietnam.com.vn xay dung" xay dung.com vn xay nha viet nam .com xay+dung xem hai xem truyen hinh net vtv3 xemtivionline.com.vn xuong phim online xuongphim.net xay dung nha xaydung dia oc "cong ty xay dung" "xay dung viet nam " biet thu dep bong hong xanh.com bonghongxanh.com.vn cong ty xay dung viet nam dai truyen hinh vn danh sach cac cong ty xay dung viet nam gia vat lieu xay dung.com.vn giaxaydung.com.vn gia xay dung viet nam htt/www.mangxaydung.com.vn/ luat xay dung mangxay dung mau nha dep cap 4 mau nha dep.com mau nha o mau nha vui mang xay dung mau nha dep cap 4 nghenhac ngoinhaxaydung nha dep vietnam mau nha mau nha mau.com.vn nhadep.com phong thuy nha cua quy hoach quy hoach sieu thi xay dung sieu thi dia oc sucbenvatlieu tai phim hai thietkexaydung.com thong ke nganh xay dung thong tin dau thau xay dung thong tin thong tin bo xay dung thu vien 3dmax truyen hinh cap vtc truyen hinh viet nam truyen hinh vietnam truyen hinh vtc tong cong ty tu van xay dung viet nam vat lieu xay dung vn vat lieu xay dung.com.vn vat tu xay dung vec + trang web www.nghenhaconline.com.vn www.xay dung.com.vn www.xuong phim.com xay dung .com .vn xaydungonline xem phim bong hong xanh xem phim hai.com.vn xem phim online xem truyen hinh viet nam xuong phin xay dung xay nha dep xuong phim online xuong phim.com " xay dung" "bao cao nganh xay dung" "cong ty tu van xay dung viet nam" "danh sach cac cong ty xay dung" "du thao quy che thi diem mot so co che, chinh sach dac thu de cai tao xay dung lai cac chung cu cu bi hu hong, xuong cap tren dia ban thanh pho ha noi" "luat xay dung""su kien" "mau du an dau tu" "mau nha" "nha dep" "phuong phap chong nom" "dac thu nganh xay dung" "doc ban ve xay dung" 'xay dung' bao xay dung viet nam bonghongxanh.com cac du an xay dung cong trinh xay dung viet nam cach doc ban ve xay dung can tuyen ky su xay dung daitruyenhinhvietnam dien dan xay dung.vn gia ca vat lieu xay dung o viet nam http://www.mangxaydung.com.vn/ ke toan xay dung khe lun kien truc + xay dung kien truc, xay dung kiengxaydung lien mang viet nam luat xay dung.com lap du an khu do thi, cong nghiep va dich vu viet nam - singapore bac ninh (vsip bac ninh) mau nha dan dung mau nha dep o viet nam mau nha vietnam may xay dung.com mang xay dung mau biet thu dep mau lap de cuong du an dau tu xay dung mau nha cap 4 nganh xay dung o viet nam nganh xay dung vn nganh xay dung nghanh xay dung dan dung nghanh xay dung viet nam nghe nhac online nha dep .com nha dep com vn nha dep.vn nha vui vn vietnam nhadep hanoi nhadep nhac online noi that xay dung phim hai online phong khach phat trien nganh xay dung quy chuan xay dung viet nam sach xay dung sachxaydung search xuong phim .com site:www.mangxaydung.com.vn mangxaydung.com.vn tcvn 4449-87 thep xay dung thetheo.com.vn thong tin cua bo xay dung thongtin thu vien 3d max thu vien nganh xay dung tivionline.com.vn tong cong ty xay dung tong hoi xay dung viet nam trang xay dung truyenhinhvietnam.com.vn tuyen dung nganh xay dung tong cong ty tu van xay dung viet nam - bo xay dung vat lieu xay dung.vn viec lam nghanh xay dung vtv3 dai truyen hinh viet nam website xay dung ww.xuongphim.com www mau nha dep.com.vn www.boxaydung.vn www.luatxaydung.com.vn www.mangxaydung www.nha dep.com.vn www.nhaconline www.nhadep.com.vn xay dung xem phim hai online xem phim hai viet nam xem truyen hinh net cnn xemphimhai xemphimonline.com.vn xuong phim . com xuong phim .vn xuong phim vn xuong phim. com xay dung nha o dan dung xay dung vn xay dung.com.vn " nha dep " " xay dung " "bang gia xay dung" "be canh"+"mau" "dac diem nganh xay dung" "mang xay dung viet nam" "mangxaydung.com" "mau biet thu dep" "mau du an dau tu xay dung" "nguyen ly thiet ke khach san" "nganh xay dung " "phan tich nganh xay dung" "thong tin dau thau xay dung" ban ve nha dep bao dau thau.com.vn bao xaydung bo xay dung.com bo xay dung bonghongxanh cau tao kien truc chi phi xay dung cho dan sinh cong ty xay dung hpci/ cong viec cua nganh xay dung cong ty tu van xay dung dan dung vn daitruyenhinh.vtv.vn daitruyenhinhvietnam.com.vn dan giao xay dung day tan gai dia oc online dien dan ky su xay dung dien dan xay dung viet nam dien dan xay dung.com don gia vat lieu xay dung.com don gia xay dung gia xay dung nha gia xay dung phan tho giaitri vtc google nha dep hieuungnhakinh
--------------------------------------------------

Privacy Policy for mangxaydung.com.vn

If you require any more information or have any questions about our privacy policy, please feel free to contact us by email at lienhe247@gmail.com

At mangxaydung.com.vn, the privacy of our visitors is of extreme importance to us. This privacy policy document outlines the types of personal information is received and collected by website and how it is used.

Advertising:
website does use cookies to store information about visitors preferences, record user-specific information on which pages the user access or visit, customize Web page content based on visitors browser type or other information that the visitor sends via their browser.

Some of our advertising partners may use cookies and web beacons on our site. Our advertising partners include Google Adsense, Commission Junction, Adbrite, Amazon, .

These third-party ad servers or ad networks use technology to the advertisements and links that appear on website send directly to your browsers. They automatically receive your IP address when this occurs. Other technologies ( such as cookies, JavaScript, or Web Beacons ) may also be used by the third-party ad networks to measure the effectiveness of their advertisements and / or to personalize the advertising content that you see.

website has no access to or control over these cookies that are used by third-party advertisers.

You should consult the respective privacy policies of these third-party ad servers for more detailed information on their practices as well as for instructions about how to opt-out of certain practices. website's privacy policy does not apply to, and we cannot control the activities of, such other advertisers or web sites.

If you wish to disable cookies, you may do so through your individual browser options. More detailed information about cookie management with specific web browsers can be found at the browsers' respective websites.

Privacy Policy for Google adsense:
* Google, as a third party vendor, uses cookies to serve ads on your site.
* Google's use of the DART cookie enables it to serve ads to your users based on their visit to your sites and other sites on the Internet.
* Users may opt out of the use of the DART cookie by visiting the Google ad and content network privacy policy.

--------------------------------------------------